· Related Research Paper Samples & Examples Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience, Research Paper Example Abstract Management communication is necessary to ensure the strategic intent of the organization is effectively and efficiently disseminated throughout A diet of maize, for example, lacks some of the amino acids humans need and provokes a chronic disease called pellagra. Finally, the domestication of animals, though their meat and milk improved farmers’ diets, intensified disease transfers back and forth between humans and their flocks and herds The problem addressed in this paper is the Coronary Heart Disease. The purpose of this research is to investigate the following: social determinants of coronary heart disease and the ongoing interventions addressed about coronary heart disease
Diseases Research Paper - Research Paper Examples - iResearchNet
View sample disease, health, and aging research paper. Browse research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a psychology research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance.
We offer high-quality assignments for reasonable rates. Developmental psychology is a multidisciplinary field within psychology—a field that cuts across all of the standard areas of psychology. We adopt the conventional terminology for changes, which implies variations in longitudinal measurements on the same persons over time; this is the core of the psychology of aging, disease research paper example. We reserve the term age differences for cross-sectional age comparisons at a single point in time; such comparisons are the province of experimental aging research or a psychology of the aged.
Understanding the variance accounted for by particular health problems or disease statuses requires both approaches. The key term in developmental psychology is age — that is, the age at time of measurement, disease research paper example, the age at the beginning and at the end of the measurement period, the age at the onset of a disorder, and the age at death. Developmental psychology sees age as more than just a marker variable or placeholder.
A basic contribution of developmental psychology has been the development of methodological advances to improve ways to assess age changes in the aforementioned contexts. Health and disease are prominent factors that influence changes associated with age; thus, this research paper examines the measurement and meanings of health and disease and their contribution to our understanding of the aging process.
In this research paper we seek to answer the question of what understanding health can add to developmental psychology. It is clear that developmental psychology sees health primarily as a topic of worry and concern to aging persons, disease research paper example. It is a source of stress, requires coping, and can start a cascade of life events. It is an extremely important contextual variable whose content can exert considerable impact, depending on the particular area of study.
Disease is an entity physicians treat; it is disease research paper example province of medicine and—for psychologists—behavioral medicine. Cognition is perhaps the most important aspect of development that is changed when health is compromised. What is important to note here is that the relationships are bidirectional. Not only do changes in health status precede changes in personality, disease research paper example, and social functioning, for example, but changes in health status can also be the result of basic developmental changes in other areas of life.
In a special issue of the Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences examined the relationship between health and aging Siegler, A subtext of these findings is reflected in the samples that are being studied.
As data have become available from epidemiological studies that include measures of cognition, personality, disease research paper example, or both e, disease research paper example. Clearly, there are important bidirectional relationships between health and cognition, personality, disease research paper example, social relationships, and—in particular— the very definition of successful aging. These psychosocial factors have an impact on health status and disease incidence and progression, and specific diseases have major impacts on cognitive, personality, and social functioning.
The regular inclusion of health reflects a major research development in adult development andaging;thisdevelopmenthastakenplaceinthepast5years and reflects recognition of the centrality of the study of health to the study of aging, disease research paper example. Disease research paper example, in this research paper we focus on data from newly available data sets. Most of the very best new work was done in a multidisciplinary context; we draw our illustrations from these research teams.
First, what is middle age like now? What is old age like now? In the following discussion we first answer these questions and then discuss how these new realities affect the study of health, behavior, and aging. Finally, we examine the question of which basic issues are important to a study of disease, health, and aging for the future development of this area. An increasing life span is changing the concept of middle age.
The ages from 40—60 years are clearly now middle-aged, disease research paper example, because many people can reasonably expect to live to 80 to and beyond. Inthe age-adjusted death rate for the total population reached an all-time low, and life expectancy at birth increased to This makes middle age a potentially different time of life from what it was only 25 years ago. Kaplan, Disease research paper example, and Wallace show how relatively recent this phenomenon is. Men and women who reach 65 can expect to live Individuals now enter middle age under surveillance for diseases and are able to benefit from treatments that allow them to survive with many diagnoses that may not have any impact on their ability to function.
The explosion of interest in middle age is well represented in the collection of chapters in volumes edited by Lachman and James and Willis and Reid In terms of health, disease research paper example, disease, and aging, the major topic for most middleaged persons is how to maintain health status as long as possible and how to put off old age.
Successful aging really means not disease research paper example at all—or not appearing to have aged at all. Health psychology has been very successful at helping to determine the factors that predict disease onset in middle age and premature morbidity and mortality—now defined as below the average population age at death, disease research paper example, which in the United States is around 75 years old, disease research paper example.
However, it is important to recognize that successes in disease prevention in middle disease research paper example make incidence of these same or related diseases higher later in life. Health threats can have an impact on coping, appraisal risk, and well-being H. Leventhal et al. These changes in the boundaries of midlife are also reflected in survival differences that have implications for middle-aged persons—they are increasingly likely to have older parents and in-laws who require help with daily activities.
Decisions about health made in midlife have long-term consequences. A feature of middle age for women is the menopausal transition Sowers,and the literature is starting to question endocrinechangesinmiddle-agedmen Morley, Endocrine changes in men are more gradual than in women, but such changes are becoming an area of research interest Morley, ; Tenover, Like estrogen levels, androgen levels decrease with age and have a broad range of disease research paper example on sexual organs and metabolic processes.
Androgen deficiency in men older than 65 leads to a decrease in muscle mass, osteoporosis, decrease in sexual activity, and changes in mood and cognitive function—leading us to speculate that there may be at least two phases of chronic diseases related to androgen levels in men. Whether men over 65 would benefit from androgen replacement therapy is not known Tenover, Any potential benefits from this therapy would need to be weighed against the possible adverse effects on the prostate and the cardiovascular system.
Thus, considering men and women separately may be useful Siegler et al. The age of an older person provides some information about the probability of disability and the probability of living independently in the community; this can be seen in Table We have known for a long time that institutionalization is a marker for the supporting network as much as it is for the functional capacities of the individual, at least until the person is no longer mobile or continent.
By age 85, half are disabled, disease research paper example. The great variation in the population makes the design and interpretation of studies increasingly challenging. However, most older people are women E. Leventhal, There is evidence that women have different experiences with health and thus may report symptoms differently E, disease research paper example.
Geriatric medicine is a branch of internal medicine that specializes in the care of older persons—particularly the oldest-old—and differs from developmental psychology in that it is unconcerned with adult development or midlife. Geriatric medicine is now a well-recognized discipline that has regular handbooks that update the new findings on each disease and its presentation in the elderly—with implications for treatment.
The Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology e. Epidemiology looks at the distributions of disease in the population and is starting to consider disease research paper example as more than a variable to be statistically controlled and a primary risk factor, whereas developmental epidemiology seeks to understand the role of age see Fried, ; NIA Genetic Epidemiology Working Group, All of these Bibliography: are good primary sources for developmental psychologists who want to keep up with important developments in health-related fields.
Demographers are way ahead of psychologists in their thinking about the role of behavioral and social variables on survival and the role that age plays in such models.
The paper discusses the contributions that genetics will make to demographic studies of aging and is a useful introduction to this complex and important set of issues for psychologists. Research on basic biological mechanisms of the disease research paper example process is progressing at such a rate that from the time this research paper is written to the time it is published, this rate of new knowledge generation will have changed significantly what we know.
Progress in developmental psychology does not happen disease research paper example anywhere near the same rate, but developmental psychology must take into account the developing knowledge base in the biomedical sciences. This emphasis disease research paper example also produced some extraordinary studies with multidisciplinary teams of psychological, medical, and epidemiological sophistication; these disease research paper example are producing extraordinary data to answer important questions.
Even better is that the results are being published in Psychology and Aging —our primary journal. Wilson, Gilley, Bennett, disease research paper example, Beckett, and Evans provide an example of the type of research that sets a standard for the future. Why is this study design so good? This study a was based on a population sample of everyone with AD in the community under study; b had state-of-the-art diagnostic measures of the medical condition under study; c verified those measures; d had state-ofthe-art measures of the psychological factors under study; e collected repeated-measures data; f paid attention to study attrition and reasons for loss to follow-up; g used modern statistical methods—growth curve analyses to look at individual patterns of change—that allow for variations in measurement periods, missing data, and multiple measurements; and h asked and disease research paper example questions about initial level of cognitive functioning and the association of that level with eventual patterns of decline.
Approximately persons with a diagnosis of AD were tested at yearly intervals for up to five repeated measures with a battery of psychometrically validated measures, including 17 key cognitive components of functioning changed in AD. The scales were combined into a composite such that raw scores were transformed to z scores and then averaged if at least eight of the scores were not missing. At the start of the study, individuals were aged 45—95 with a mean of Mental status scores ranged from 11—29, excluding those with extremely impaired cognitive functioning.
The main results were that cognitive change was large, linear, and progressive about one half of a standard unit per year. Those with better initial cognitive functioning changed more slowly, and younger persons declined faster than did older persons. Data were presented for estimates of the individualsstudiedandin5-yearagegroups. In their discussion, Wilson et al, disease research paper example.
These questions primarily had to do with how to address initial level of cognitive functioning. Everyone in the study had AD at the start of the study as a criterion for selection. Premorbid levels of cognition were not known. Similarly, age at first testing and age of onset of the disease could only be estimated by retrospective accounts of time of first symptoms. One could have started studying a very large population at age 40, conducted a year study, and perhaps have had premorbid estimates of functioning and age at onset.
Yet the design employed was an efficient way to help answer some important questions about the age-related nature of cognitive disease research paper example in patients with AD. The previously described study is not the only work in the field that meets these criteria—it is just one of the most recent and available in a single article, and a particular disease was of interest that is not considered a normal part of the aging process. The work of M. Pete Elias and his colleagues, combining insights from his longitudinal study of hypertension M.
Elias et al. In reviewing the role of age versus particular health conditions in the Framingham population, M. in press compared the adjusted odds ratios of performing at or below the 25th percentile on the Framingham neuropsychological test measurements controlling for education, occupation, gender, alcohol consumption, previous history of cardiovascular disease, and antihypertensive treatment.
They found that age itself was the strongest factor—getting 5 years older increased the odds to 1.
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View sample disease, health, and aging research paper. Browse research paper examples for more inspiration. If you need a psychology research paper written according to all the academic standards, you can always turn to our experienced writers for help. This is how your paper can get an A! Feel free to contact our writing service for professional assistance The problem addressed in this paper is the Coronary Heart Disease. The purpose of this research is to investigate the following: social determinants of coronary heart disease and the ongoing interventions addressed about coronary heart disease Check out this awesome Good Research Papers On Alzheimer`s Disease for writing techniques and actionable ideas. Regardless of the topic, subject or complexity, we can help you write any paper!
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